SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL BARRIERS TO DIETARY DIVERSITY AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN NIGERIA

Abstract

This paper examines the socio-economic and cultural barriers to dietary diversity among pregnant women in Nigeria, a critical issue contributing to maternal malnutrition and adverse health outcomes. Despite numerous interventions, many pregnant women continue to lack access to nutrient-rich diets due to economic barriers, cultural food taboos, and food insecurity. Focusing on the interplay of low maternal education, household food insecurity and cultural food practices and preferences, the study aims to identify and analyze these barriers, assess their impacts on maternal health, and propose evidence-based interventions. An in-depth literature review was conducted, drawing from an extensive review of peer-reviewed literature, policy reports, and empirical studies. The paper uses conceptual analysis; defining key concepts and analyzing theoretical relationships between the concepts and content analysis; analyzing existing literature as its methodology. Using Social Cognitive Theory(SCT), the study highlights the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and reinforcement in shaping dietary behaviours, with significant implications for maternal and neonatal health. The findings reveal that poverty and food insecurity remain a critical determinant of inadequate nutrition, as low-income households prioritize calorie-dense but nutrient-poor foods due to financial constraints. Cultural norms and food taboos further restrict the consumption of nutrient-rich foods, while gender roles and financial dependency hinder pregnant women's ability to make independent dietary choices. The study concludes that maternal nutrition in Nigeria is shaped by a complex interplay of economic, cultural, and gender-related barriers. It recommends multi-sectoral interventions including community-based nutrition education, access to healthcare, improved rural infrastructure, and male-inclusive nutrition programs. Empowering women financially and involving family decision-makers in maternal health education are key to enhancing dietary diversity. Addressing these systemic challenges is essential for improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes, reducing malnutrition, and promoting long-term public health and economic development in Nigeria.